Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

The communities of the Kura- Araxes cultural complex with their highly distinctive cultural and economic features represent the occupation of some parts of the Near East and Caucasia during the Bronze Age.  Generally, the origin of this culture is sought in the Southern Caucasus. In Iran, the spread of this cultural tradition represents not only a rupture in the cultural development of the Mesopotamian traditions. Environmental changes linked to Rapid Climate Change (RCC) also forced the population to develop new economic strategies. Until about two decades ago, knowledge of the flourishing Kura Araxes occupation was limited to the north-west of the country and to some parts of the Central Zagros, but recent research in the zones south and north of the Alborz Mountain Range, on the northern edge of the Central Plateau allows by now to present a more detailed picture of the Kura Araxes occupation in both diachronic and synchronic perspective. Recent archaeological excavations in the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe revealed some important new data from Kura-Araxes settlements in the corridor of the north Central Plateau and northwestern Iran. The two sites are located in the eastern Zanjan Province in the Abhar Rood Basin. This paper aims to update the chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture based on the radiocarbon dates from the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the two sites reveal the beginning of the Kura-Araxes culture in the region from c. 2900 BCE, followed by a quick extension into the northern Central Plateau, where it is represented by sites such as Shizar, Doranabad, Ostur, and Barlekin. Similarity and diversity characterize the Kura-Araxes cultural complex.  However, based on the current data, the ceramic style represents a common feature, but also the architectural remains indicate a common cultural tradition during the first quarter of the third millennium BCE in the Central Zagros, northwestern Iran, and on the Central Plateau

In Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (KPM), Heidegger shows how the initial image-making power of the imagination is pictorial in the pure image of TIME. He further clarifies the recognized link between the syntheses and the TIME-visualizing power of images which is pictorial formative power, which can visualize TIME. The three syntheses of imagination are replaced with the modes of existence of Dasein. Three kinds of photographs resemble the images produced when the transcendental imagination functions as Dasein. We can address the ways to visualize TIME by considering Dasein with a photographic preoccupation through 1. A possible look in the form of presentation (a photograph shows an immediate look of a house or person as intuitable this-here); 2. An immediate look of the thing, house, or deceased person, as well as a copy or its reproduction as a death mask; and, 3. The manner of contemplation of a likeness is an immediate look of a being present in the form of representation.

In this experiment RELATIVE TIME of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) EMERGENCE on single cross 704 corn yield was studied in different density levels of weed at Faculty of Agriculture of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2006. The experimental design was split plot based on randomized completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. The EMERGENCE TIME was considered in 3 levels: EMERGENCE of the weed 14 days earlier, 7 days earlier and simultaneously with corn as main plot and density of weed in 6 levels: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 plants per m2 as subplot. The results showed a decrease in yield components of corn, when the EMERGENCE TIME of corn was delayed than EMERGENCE TIME of common lambsquarters. The maximum reduction was observed in earlier EMERGENCE of common lambsquarters for the 14 days and also in weed densities of 12, 16 and 20 plants per m2. The minimum reduction in number of seed row in ear, number of seed in row and one thousand seed weight observed at density of 4 plants/m2 when EMERGENCE of corn and common lambsquarters happened simultaneously.

Excavations in Tepe Barveh were conducted with the aim to shed further light on the period of painted Bronze Age wares and to refine the existing chronology for the Lesser Zab Basin in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. Thanks to its location in the upper valley of the Lesser Zab, the Barveh region served as a natural pathway for interaction between the Zagros foothills zones with the Rania and Peshdar Plain in Sulaimaniyah province in Iraqi Kurdistan, and the southern basin of Lake Urmia. By its overlapping Bronze Age sequence, the site offers a strong potential to fill the existing gap of information for the Early Bronze Age occupation in northwestern Iran. A foremost purpose of this paper is to situate Barveh within northwestern Iran, and to explore intra- and inter-regional interactions. The stratified occurrence of Painted Orange Ware (POW) is helpful to establish a sequence for the region and to fill the existing lacuna. EBA sites in northwestern Iran beyond the Kura Araxes zone remain understudied, and few sites offer deposits of considerable depth. The Early Bronze Age is generally associated with the burnished black pottery, while the orange pottery, a coeval and equally important cultural hallmark, has attracted less attention and remains a little known tradition. Hence, in light of the material culture excavated at Barveh, this paper seeks to gain an insight into the ways in which Tepe Barveh interacted with other regions dominated by the orange pottery culture. The ca. 8-meter deep EBA deposit at Barveh built up over c. 300 years and represents this period of POW in an uninterrupted sequence, attesting to cultural continuity over an extended period of TIME. The culture shows parallels with EBA sites in the southern Urmia Lake Basin and in the Rania and Peshdar plains in Iraqi Kurdistan

We discuss the concept of unitary equivalence $\hat{H}\sim\hat{U}^{\dagger}\hat{H}_{\mathrm{mod}}\hat{U}$ between the modular Hamiltonian $\hat{H}_{\mathrm{mod}}$ and the subsystem Hamiltonian $\hat{H}$ in the context of realizing the EMERGENCE of TIME through a unitary operator $\hat{U}$. This concept suggests a duality between the modular flow and TIME evolution. Additionally, requiring unitary equivalence implies a connection between the "Modular Chaos Bound" and the "Chaos Bound". Furthermore, we demonstrate this duality using quantum chaos diagnostic quantities in the thermofield double state of a fermionic system. Quantum chaos diagnostic quantities are mathematical measures that characterize chaotic behavior in quantum systems. By examining these quantities in the thermofield double state, we illustrate the duality between them and the modular Hamiltonian. We show a specific duality between correlators, the spectral form factor, and the Loschmidt echo with the modular Hamiltonian. The spectral form factor is a quantity that provides information about the energy spectrum of a quantum system, while the Loschmidt echo characterizes the sensitivity of a system's modular TIME evolution to perturbations. Finally, we demonstrate that a different entanglement spectrum does not impose the same constraint on the subsystem Hamiltonian. The entanglement spectrum is related to entanglement entropy and provides information about the eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix associated with a subsystem. We discuss complex concepts related to the interplay between quantum chaos, TIME EMERGENCE, and the relationship between modular and subsystem Hamiltonians. These ideas are part of ongoing research in quantum information theory and related fields.

To investigate the effects of lambsquarters density and its RELATIVE TIME of EMERGENCE on yield and yield components of grain corn a two year experiment was conducted in 2001 and 2002 growing seasons in the research field of Weed Research Department, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Karaj. Both experiments were conducted using factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The treatments were the RELATIVE TIME of lambsquarters EMERGENCE (1st year: simultaneously, at 2-3 and 4-5 leaves stages of corn; 2nd year: simultaneously, at 2-3 and 5-6 leaves stages of corn) and lambsquarters density (first year: 2, 5, 10 and 15 plant.m-2; second year: 6.6, 13.3 and 20 plant.m-2). A pure plot of corn was also cultivated to evaluate grain yield of corn in weed free conditions. The results indicated that both treatments had significant effects on grain and biological yields, harvest index, grain number/ear row and row number/ear of corn. Thousand-seed weight was not affected by lambsquarters density. The results also showed that the negative effect of interference period on corn was more than that of density. In conclusion, a delay in lambsquarters EMERGENCE and a good management against it at the beginning of the growth season can increase the competitive ability of corn against lambsquarters.

In order to study of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) phenology at interference with three sunflower, Helianthus annus L., cultivars, two field experiments were conducted during 2005-2006. Factorial experiments were established on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were combination of three different weed densities (8.3, 25 and 41.7 plants m-2) at three RELATIVE TIMEs of weed EMERGENCE (emerged with sunflower, 15 and 30 days after sunflower EMERGENCE) using three different sunflower cultivars (Azarghol, Hysun 33 and Allstar RM). Analysis of variance revealed that the year effect was not significant. Redroot pigweed leaf number in each plant decreased significantly, by increasing weed density and delaying of weed EMERGENCE TIME. Sunflower cultivars also indicated different reactions. In redroot pigweeds that emerging with sunflower, branching at densities of 5, 15 and 25 plants/ m-2 of row delayed 0.67, 0.33 and 2 days in Azarghol, 1.68, 1.33 and 4.33 days in Hysun, in comparison with EMERGENCE at 15 days after sunflower, and delaying in Allstar was nearly zero. In three sunflower cultivars, with increasing of density and delaying of EMERGENCE TIME, flowering in redroot pigweed delayed and RELATIVE TIME of weed EMERGENCE was more effective than weed density. Earlier EMERGENCE of weed has higher effect on flowering delaying of Allstar, compared with two other cultivars. In all sunflower hybrids, TIME from flowering to seed maturity and growth period of redroot pigweed decreased in treatments with higher sunflower side branches.

Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) is an important weed in bean fields in Iran. In order to investigate the effect of density and RELATIVE TIME of EMERGENCE of Jimsonweed on yield and yield components of chitti bean, a field study based on factorial experiment was conducted at farm bean Research National Station in Khomein in 2006. Treatments were chosen to provide four different weed densities (4, 8, 12 and 16 plant m-1) and three TIME of weed EMERGENCE (with crop EMERGENCE, in first trifoliate leaf stage and third trifoliate leaf stage of bean) with a weed free treatment as control. Results showed that the effect of jimsonweed interference on bean yield and yield components was significant. The yield of bean was more affected by RELATIVE TIME of Jimson weed EMERGENCE than its density and decreased 52%, 47% and 23% in 1st, 2nd and 3rd TIME of weed EMERGENCE respectively in highest level of density. The number of pod per plant and 100-seed weight of bean were the most important yield components which be decreased by jimsonweed competition, but the number of seeds per pod was not affected. The effect of interaction between experimental factors was significant on bean yield. The effect of jimsonweed density on bean yield decreased when the RELATIVE TIME of weed EMERGENCE increased, so effect of weed density on bean yield in 3rd TIME of EMERGENCE was not significant. The results demonstrated the high sensitivity of bean yield to early competition of jimson weed even at low densities.